Comparing A Case of Identity and The Stolen Cigar Case Essays

Comparing A Case of Identity and The Stolen Cigar Case There are two forms of detective story: there is the who dunnit idea in which gentlemen detectives are called upon in all sorts of impossible situations, but always manage to solve the crime. In this type, the reader has a good idea of who committed the crime; however, the characters in the story dont. The other type of story is a mystery, in which neither reader nor investigators know who is responsible for the crime; together with the characters, the reader too is invited to figure out the sequence of events. In the Sherlock Holmes stories the focus is on the character of the detective himself (Sherlock Holmes) and follows the story of†¦show more content†¦In A Case of Identity Watson is the narrator, who, as he is some what naà ¯ve, has to have things explained to him; this assists the reader. He tries to work out S.Hs process of deduction, often unsuccessfully, so S.H explains in a straightforward manner through Watson to the reader. He takes the role of the pupil and is a necessary link between Sherlock and the reader. As we look at things from Watsons point of view we are able to see how S.H unravels the cases and solves the crimes. S.H is admired greatly by Watson; likewise readers also come to admire him as an exponent of ratiocination. Throughout the story, the impression is given that S.Hs previous clients have all been people high up in society as he had a little souvenir from the king of Bohemia in return for Sherlock helping him with a case. He has many valuable belongings, many of which have been gifts from wealthy clients of his such as his snuff-box of gold. He also refers to similar cases to the ones he is working on You will find parallel cases, if you consult my index, in Andover in 77. This also shows that he is an experienced detective with a powerful memory and someone in whom one can have faith. S.H uses very formal language for example even when he is talking to Watson he says which you will allow me, and uses laboriouslyShow MoreRelatedAmerican Government And Politics : The Melting Pot2725 Words   |  11 Pagesstratified, its consumption differential (Brake 1). In this definition, culture is influenced by media and consumer goods. They determine an individual’s taste and preferences, which is inferably the reason America has many subcultures. And in some cases, the cultures clash. In any society, there are cultures which develop within a dominant system (Brake 6). These are subcultures. Subcultures share elements of larger cultures but are also distinct from it (Brake 6). For example, black subculturesRead MoreLogical Reasoning189930 Words   |  760 Pages......................................................................................... 488 The Scientific Method ........................................................................................................................ 490 Some Case Studies ............................................................................................................................. 491 Review of Major Points .....................................................................................

Inclusion For Children With Disabilities - 2553 Words

Children with disabilities are among the most vulnerable and most excluded in the world. Their rights are often violated. These children are often hidden at home or placed in special institutions. As a result, these children are missing out on education. They grow up apart from their families and their parents fear that their children with disabilities will be mocked. Parents also fear that they will not have a chance to take part in society. Inclusion is complete acceptance of all students. Loving parents want the best possible education for their daughter or son and when hearing your child will be in a classroom with students with disabilities, parents may worry that this will not help them reach their full potential. Inclusion in schools is controversial and confusing topic for many people especially for those who do not understand what inclusion is. Without inclusion there would be no sense of belonging within the classroom community. Inclusion is not the same as integration or mainstreaming. Inclusion is a term that expresses commitment to educate children to their appropriate potential. This usually means placing students with disabilities in the same classrooms as students that do not have disabilities as much as possible and in these classrooms there would be a special education teacher present at all times in addition to the regular teacher (Muccio 2014). Inclusion also consists of providing disabled students the necessary accommodations outside of the classroom.Show MoreRelatedInclusion Of Children With Disabilities885 Words   |  4 PagesInclusion, known as the act of including or being included within a group or structure. In today s world the act of inclusion within the classroom is becoming more and more well known in most schools. This could be the act of including a child with special needs or even a child where their second language is English. As recent as a hundred years ago, children with disabilities received little, if any, formal educa tion. In the tradition of segregating students during the middle to late 19th centuryRead MoreInclusion For Children With Disabilities1947 Words   |  8 Pagesand accepted. Inclusion is all around us and it is commonly unnoticed. From an educational perspective, inclusion refers to the idea of placing students with disabilities in general education classes or other school activities (Hallahan, Kauffman, Pullen, 2015). Early childhood education has been trying to incorporate inclusion in numerous ways, along with all other education. Integrated classrooms are very popular and has changed education drastically. Just like everything, inclusion in educationRead MoreInclusion Of Children With Disabilities1979 Words   |  8 PagesInclusion means that every child regardless of their abilities or background are able to play, interact, connect and learn as one. Every single child is valued, supported and provided access to equal opportunities like any other child as well as being involv ed in learning experiences. The label ‘inclusion’ has traditionally been used to describe bringing children with disabilities into regular settings rather than placing them in ‘special’ facilities’ (Connor, 2006, p8). Inclusion of children whoRead More Inclusion of Children with Disabilities Essay3009 Words   |  13 PagesInclusion of Children with Disabilities Along with many other topics of special education, the topic of inclusion has been surrounded by uncertainty and controversy for as long as the concept has been around. This controversy may stem from the fact that inclusion is expensive and experts disagree about how much time disabled students should spend in regular classrooms (Cambanis, 2001). Although this topic is controversial, it cannot be ignored. Inclusion will, at some point, affect 1% ofRead MoreInclusion Education For Children With Disabilities3055 Words   |  13 Pagesgive an insight into what inclusion education is, and the way in which a target school relates inclusion to their students. It will focus upon Asperger s within the school, and show how Asperger s is treated to ensure inclusion is met. The assignment will argue the policies set in place and, with the literature review, will source findings and compare them with the schools ethos. Introduction The earliest legislation and act brought about that acknowledged a disability within the UK came aboutRead MoreInclusion, The Educational Practice Of Children With Disabilities1728 Words   |  7 PagesInclusion, the educational practice of instructing children with disabilities as well as children without disabilities in one classroom, is a very controversial topic regarding the education of students in today’s society. â€Å"Inclusion seeks to establish collaborative, supportive, and nurturing communities of learners that are based on giving all students the services and accommodations they need to learn, as well as respecting and learning from each other’s individual differences† (Salend 5). TheRead MoreEducational Framework For Inclusion Of Children With Disabilities1994 Words   |  8 Pagesthe definition of disability will be considered followed by a discussion of the historical context of the terminology used. Second, research is presented to show how th e government of Canada view and plan for individuals with impairments. Support for inclusion of children with disabilities in public settings will be examined. Third, typical language acquisition and socio-emotional development will be presented to examine the learning process of children with and without disabilities. Fourth, once autismRead MoreInclusion Is The Educational Practice Of Educating Children With Disabilities819 Words   |  4 PagesInclusion is the educational practice of educating children with disabilities in the classroom with children without disabilities. In the past, people believed that children with disabilities were not capable of learning. This thought process hindered children with disabilities from being included in the general education population. After the ruling of Brown v Board of Education, families with children with disabilities began to fight for the rights of their children. Various families believed thatRead MoreParties Against Full Inclusion F or Children With Disabilities Essay1106 Words   |  5 PagesFull Inclusion According to the latest figures available from Data Accountability Center, U.S. Department of Education, 2,415,564 students were identified as having a Specific Learning Disability in the Fall of 2010 (â€Å"Full Inclusion†). With the severity of the number of individuals with disabilities in the school system, the controversy of the best way to support them arises. One of the solutions of this controversy is the issue of full inclusion. Those opposed to the idea of full inclusion fearRead MoreThe Pros And Cons Of Inclusion For Special Education Essay1626 Words   |  7 Pagesthe pros and cons of inclusion for Special Education children. By definition, Inclusion rejects the use of special schools or classrooms to separate students with disabilities from students without disabilities. Special Education is a topic that is important, even though people may not realize how important it is for the fact that they don’t understand what goes into Special Education for children in schools. â€Å"Negative beliefs many people have about individuals with disabilities may often be based

Hamlet, By William Shakespeare - 976 Words

Hamlet, a play written by William Shakespeare, is all about revenge. All is not well in Denmark where a king is murdered and his son is out to avenge him. The only two females in the play, Gertrude and Ophelia, are completely overlooked. The two have little role in the story and are only present when talking to one of the men. Gertrude lost her first husband and quickly remarried to his brother, Claudius. Her son, Hamlet, greatly despises her for it. Ophelia believes that she and Hamlet are in love and she is the cause of his madness. None of the men pay much attention to them unless they are being scolded or used in a plan. Ophelia and Gertrude have many similarities like how they do as they are told and are victims of Hamlet’s madness, yet are different like how they love Hamlet and how they react to death of a loved one. Throughout the play, Gertrude and Ophelia do exactly what the men tell them to do. Neither Gertrude nor Ophelia do anything without getting an okay from the men. Ophelia always listens to her father. When Polonius tells Ophelia to stay away from Hamlet, she does as she is told. Ophelia says, â€Å"No, my good lord; but, as you did command, I did repel his letters and denied his access to me.† (Shakespeare 2.1.120-23) She does this even though, just moments before talking with her father, she tells how she loves Hamlet and Hamlet loves her. Gertrude also does as she is asked. Polonius tells the king and queen about his theory on why Hamlet is mad. He asks theShow MoreRelatedHamlet, By William Shakespeare880 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeare is praised as the pioneering English poet and playwright whose collection of theatrical works is regarded as the greatest artistic value throughout the history of English literature. Shakespeare delved into the spiritual and mental c omponent of humanity and the consequences that arise from this human spirit when it is disputed. The most famous revenge tragedy play, Hamlet, is an excellent illustration of Shakespeare’s philosophical study of human nature. In Hamlet, the arguableRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare899 Words   |  4 PagesWilliam Shakespeare, author of Hamlet, was a well-known author in the 1500s and is still popular today. He was born on April 24, 1564 in London, England. Although there were no birth records at that time, it shows he was baptized one year prior to that, which leads us to believe his birthday was in 1564 because children were normally baptized a year after their birth. Shakespeare’s writing style was very different than others at that time. He used many metaphors and rhetorical phrases, and most ofRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare996 Words   |  4 PagesHamlet, written by William Shakespeare, with out a doubt holds the most famous soliloquy in English hi story spoken by Hamlet in Act III, scene i, lines 57-90. This soliloquy holds much importance to the play as a whole because it ties together the reoccurring themes of suicide and Hamlet’s inaction portrayed by Shakespeare. Hamlet poses a problem, which is the driving force of the play: â€Å"To be or not to be?†(III.i.57). Shakespeare uses this logical question asked by Hamlet to drive out his underlyingRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare1178 Words   |  5 Pages In William Shakespeare’s play Hamlet, the protagonist suffers from struggles with major characters, especially with the women in his life. While reading the play Hamlet, Hamlet appears to be a disillusioned man. Throughout the play, Shakespeare has only casted two females: Gertrude and Ophelia. Gertrude is defined to be incestuous, naà ¯ve and cold-hearted. On the other side, Ophelia is characterized to be ignorant, innocent and fearful. After the quick marriage of his mother and evil uncle, Hamlet’sRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare1308 Words   |  6 PagesHamlet is arguably one of the greatest tragedies in all of literature and when most people think of tragic plays, they think of none other than the one who wrote it, William Shakespeare. This classic story of revenge excites it’s readers with its main character, Prince Hamlet, who goes through the unique human-like process of revenge that is often overlooked. Many other stories rely heavily on the logi c of good people doing good things and bad people doing bad things just for the sake of their natureRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare Essay1453 Words   |  6 PagesHamlet by William Shakespeare explores many aspects of mankind--death, betrayal, love, and mourning. Out of these, the most prominent theme in this play is death in the form of suicide. The main character, Hamlet, finds himself questioning the quality of life and the uncertainty of the afterlife once he discovers news of his father s death and the corruption in the kingdom that follows. Ophelia, Hamlet’s lover, is found dead later in the plot and is presumed to have committed suicide. In Hamlet’sRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare1146 Words   |  5 PagesA character so complex, enticing and fascinating, his name is Hamlet. We are all Hamlet, and that, is the argument. Hamlet is an enigmatic character with many flaws. These flaws are the ones that prove similarities between us and him. A play so popular and significant is due to its huge relevance to us as a society. In the play Hamlet, William Shakespeare uses Hamlet’s character and metaphor to demonstrate that when one is left alone to their thoughts, these thoughts overtake reason. ConsequentlyRead MoreHamlet by William Shakespeare1456 Words   |  6 PagesThe play Hamlet, by William Shakespeare, takes place in a time where the impossible was a part of the lives of everyday people. Occurrences that people in the modern time would believe unbelievable. Yet, with just a quill and parchment Shakespeare’s is able to connect the past and present by weaving a plot with skill that is still unparalleled to this day. The play Hamlet this exceeds this expectation by revealing depth of Hamlets, the protagonists, character personality through the useRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare1920 Words   |  8 PagesIn the play Hamlet by William Shakespeare, the character Hamlet must deal with both external and internal conflict. Hamlet encounters many struggles and has trouble finding a way to deal with them. With so many corrupt people in his life, Hamlet feels as if there is no one that he can trust and begins to isolate himself from others. A result from this isolation leads Hamlet to become melancholy. Hamlet struggles with suicidal thoughts, wants to kill King Claudius, and is distraught over his mother’sRead MoreHamlet, By William Shakespeare846 Words   |  4 Pagesalways been a contemplative topic. In Hamlet, the main character Hamlet thinks to himself about suicide. Hamlet was written by William Shakespeare. Shakespeare wrote Hamlet between 1599 and 1602. William Shakespeare is one of the greatest playwrights in history. Hamlet is about Prince Hamlet of Denmark who is trying to find out about the death of his father after his father s ‘ghost’ comes to him telling him it was his uncle who had killed him. While Hamlet contemplates suicide he gives his famous

Essay on Functionalism in Education - 1134 Words

Having attended public schools throughout my childhood and adolescence, I never was familiar with the term functionalism and its many elements. After observing and analyzing my field placement classroom I have come to understand the concept of functionalism to some extent. In general, functionalists â€Å"see schools as serving to socialize students to adapt to the economic, political, and social institutions of that society† (Feinberg, p.6, 2004). They also theorize that in order for societies to survive, they must carry out vital functions such as, attaining fundamental knowledge and acquiring essential skills and proficiency, acknowledging certain norms and values within their community, and recognizing authority figures. It is also†¦show more content†¦As soon as their teacher, Mrs. Root asked them to settle down, they instantly became silent. This is an example of an unspoken expectation of the teacher and is one of many hidden curriculums that I witnessed in the classroom. Another instance was during instruction; Mrs. Root had asked a question pertaining to shapes and who ever knew the answer, demonstrated this particular hidden curriculum by raising their hand. The functionalist concept, hidden curriculum, is best defined as â€Å"organizational features and routines of school life that provide the structure needed to develop the psychological dispositions appropriate for work and citizenship in industrial society† (Feinberg, p. 21, 2004). It is intended to assist in achieving norms, learning one’s position in society, and how to think of oneself. Hidden curriculum has also been explained as making the transition from family to the real world less difficult. This concept applies to the examples I gave because when the teacher asked the students to settle down, they instantly knew that they needed to follow directions. The idea that teachers are authority figures and deserve to be respected is instilled in children at a very young age and is expected to be upheld. As for students raising their hands when wanting to speak or answer a question, this has also been implanted in children’s minds and is a norm in today’s society. I conducted my secondShow MoreRelatedFunctionalism And Its Impact On Education1825 Words   |  8 Pagesthat combined to form to the structure of the human mind. Functionalism was the second approach to psychology. It started in 1890 and was influenced by Darwin’s view on natural selection. Functionalism tries to explain the mental processes, instead of concentrating on the consciousness, functionalists focused on the idea of consciousness and behavior. Functionalism also highlighted individual differences, which had a profound effect on education. Psychology is a discipline divided into many approachesRead MoreFunctionalis m, Conflict, And The Education System1729 Words   |  7 PagesFunctionalism, Conflict, and the Education System The structural-functional theory also known as functionalism is sociological theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability. Functionalists view education as a contribution to the smooth inner working of society. Education is a lifelong process, we are constantly learning new things and deepening our knowledge of things we already know. The education system works to prepare individuals toRead MoreUsing Material from Item a and Elsewhere Assess the Contribution of Functionalism to Our Understanding of the Role of Education.1422 Words   |  6 PagesUsing material from item A and elsewhere assess the contribution of functionalism to our understanding of the role of education. Functionalism is based on the view that society is a system of interdependent parts held together by a shared culture or value consensus (agreement) amongst individuals as to what values or norms are important in society. Therefore they take a positive view of the education system. As item A suggests they see it as a form of secondary socialism essential to maintainingRead More A Comparison of Marxist and Functionalist Understanding of the Role of Education in Society1130 Words   |  5 PagesFunctionalist Understanding of the Role of Education in Society Functionalist theories assume the different parts of a society each have their own role to play (their own function), and work together smoothly in order to form a harmonious whole (macro). The metaphor often used to describe functionalism is that it views society as a body, with the different socialisation agents —government, media, religion, the family, etc., and, of course, education—being like the different organsRead MoreSociological Perspectives On Life Chances Essay1343 Words   |  6 Pagesessay is based on two main sociological perspectives such as Functionalism and Marxism. It will evaluate the view that differences in the life chances between social groups which are dependent on various social factors affecting the society and individuals. Furthermore, it will compare and contrast these two sociological perspectives. Life chances can have a positive or negative effect on individual’s lifetime in terms of their education, health, employment, income and housing. They are influencedRead MoreMarxist vs Functionalist View of Ed815 Words   |  4 PagesFUNCTIONALIST AND MARXIST VIEWS ON EDUCATION (20 marks) The role of education is to educate individuals within society and to prepare them for working life, also to integrate individuals and teach them the norms, values and roles within society. Functionalism and Marxism are the two main perspectives which will be studied; Marxism is a structural conflict sociological theory whereas functionalism is a structural consensus sociological theory. Functionalism sees society as a whole. It is oftenRead MoreCompare and Contrast the Marxist and Functionalist Interpretations of Education in Society1582 Words   |  7 Pages Sociology Essay Compare and contrast the Marxist and functionalist interpretations of education in society. The role of education is to educate individuals within society and to prepare them for working life in the economy, also to integrate individuals and teach them the norms, values and roles within society. There are many different sociological theories that differ within the role of education within society that attempt to try and explain how society or aspects of society work togetherRead MoreAssess the Strengths and Weaknesses of the Functionalist Approach to Society1165 Words   |  5 Pagesmarks) Functionalism is seen as a macro-scale approach to society; it sees society as a whole rather than looking at parts of it. Due to this, functionalism sees society as a body (organic analogy), all the institutions work together to make society. This is particularly useful when observing society in order to understand the way in which it functions and the way in which all the institutions (organic analogy: organs within the body) work together to sustain society as a whole. Functionalism beingRead MoreThe Theory, Symbolic Interactionism, And Conflict Theory1040 Words   |  5 Pagesothers, and how others influence the individual behaviors that impact society in a micro or macro way. The second theoretical framework is the conflict theory, it examines the rift between the rich and the poor and how it affects the quality of education, health care, and living condition of said group. Thirdly, the functionalist theory, which compares society to a system of interrelated parts, it’s a social system not just an individual. Each frame work plays part in the issue when an economy declinesRead MoreCompare and Contrast of 3 Sociology Theories1162 Words   |  5 Pagesmicrosociology and macrosociology (Sociology). The level of microsociology studies is on a smaller perspective, as macrosociology is the study of society on a larger analysis. Today, sociology has three major theories: symbolic interactionism, functionalism and conflict. â€Å"Symbolic interaction refers to the patterns of communication, interpretation and adjustment between individuals,† (Baird and Kaufmann) humans will interpret different meanings in everyday life, from having a conversation or using

Integrated Marketing Communication Free Essays

Abstract This paper aims at the clarifying various beliefs about IMC in the consumer market especially in planning and advertising. IMC has a great potential for several organizations and businesses operating in varied environments. This paper focuses on the reasons for the adoption of IMC as well as the barriers against the efficiency of operation of IMC strategies. We will write a custom essay sample on Integrated Marketing Communication or any similar topic only for you Order Now Several authors view IMC differently which has elucidated varied reactions. The paper also analyses empirical studies in IMC and the relevant contemporary studies. IMC is the new paradigm in the marketing sector despite posing varied reactions from different scholars. Important Terms: Marketing, â€Å"Integrated† Marketing Communication (IMC), Advertising, Planning 1.1 Introduction Integrated marketing communications is the basic platform which a given company cautiously desegregates and aligns its varied communication channels to help deliver a consistent, compelling clear messages about the organization and its products (Ewing 2009: 114). This is first aimed at identifying the consumer needs and building a strong brand identity in the given market. IMC is also concerned with reinforcement and trying together all the messages and images of a given brand. IMC therefore ensures that all the corporate messages, identity and images are coordinated across the marketing communication channels. This has led to the various definitions linked to IMC; where the consensus aims at defining them as; the integration and coordination of all the marketing avenues, sources and tools in a given company to a seamless program which ensures maximum effect on consumers as well as all the end users at a relatively low cost (Yeshin 2006: 32). The integration affects firms, customer focus, marketing channels and internal directed communication. This paper outlines varied views in planning and advertising strategy of IMC perspectives. 1.2 Reasons for Adopting IMC Integrating marketing is one of the most significant moves that marketing developments have adopted since 1990s. The IMC approach in marketing â€Å"communication advertising† strategy and planning is being adopted by both the small scale and large scale companies. This is based on the various business-to-business values attached. 1.2.1 Rationality Norm Yeshin (2006: 67) opines that under uncertain conditions, managers and organizations usually limit techniques that are considered fashionable. The management fashions and efficient perspectives differ in terms of the reasons fuelled by the organisation and the managers. The performance gap is the major determinant of any economical or technological idea (Luck and Moffat 2006: 321). Several managers seek novelty and security which is part of a fashionable management technique. In addition, management techniques offer rationality appearance which satisfies the social pressures from the stakeholders. IMC has also been accepted by various advertising agencies and marketers which imply that IMC is a rational norm (Cornelissen 2001: 485). IMC assists managers and marketers to solve a complex situation in a rational manner. Eagle, Kitchen and Bulmer (2007: 961) concludes that there is a rationality norm upon which managers must conform in relation to the norm of progress. There is no univer sal evaluation for this set of ideals which makes it difficult for these ideals to be fully attained. Thus, IMC becomes the only way which can alleviate these ideas. 1.2.2 Use of Rhetoricals Ewing (2009: 110) states that IMC is closely associated with terms such as synergy, integration and holism argued on the rhetorical presentation as well as the appeal of its thoughts. Lack of theoretical debate and rhetoricals exemplifies symptomatic management style. Rhetoricals means written and spoken courses which justify the application of a given idea or technique. Organizations that have adopted rhetorical rely on construction of myths around the organization which is regarded a powerful discourse by managers in implementing their ideas (Hartley and Pickton 1999: 102). Rhetoricals and management fashion techniques provide a platform which helps managers justify their actions. Therefore through rhetoricals, managers can effect change, rationalize their behavior and bring on credibility and expertise in their organizations. 1.3 Barriers to IMC Implementation Kitchen and Schultz (1998: 472) reiterates that managers and marketers find it difficult to cope with changes in investment and marketing communications. This has led to varied reactions about the growing trends in advertising and generally in marketing communications. Both the agencies and clients are negatively affected when creating and implementing an effective communication programme. Media fragmentation impacts negatively in several communication sectors which declines audience access to debates about measurement techniques. This has therefore forced re-examination of the marketing communication devices with the consequences of traditional media which may hinder new appliances in the industry (Percy and Elliot 2012: 123). There is a distinct drift in the evolution of the IMC and the marketing theory practice. For instance, Luck and Moffat (2009: 318) outlines that there is turf war and tension between control of â€Å"communication† development and strategy and coordination of marketing communication. Ewing (2009: 109) acknowledges that the most valuable customer should be considered first. This state differs from the reality where there is little evidence of differential customer value. It is also clear that there exists an undefined relationship between different marketing communications and consumers. However, there is an emerging synergistic effect on the combination of print and television advertisements. 1.4 Empirical study on IMC Duncan and Everett (1993: 35) state that it is quite difficult to take a perfect research on IMC as it comprises both the processes and the concepts. The concepts also differ based on the type of the organization and the researcher. Research on IMC focused on several aspects such as cooperation within an organization, compensation systems employed, and an organizational strategic development. This therefore posed a huge hindrance on the implementation of the IMC in UK. In UK and USA, there is minimal evidence on the IMC prescription in various corporate and marketing communications. Cornelissen and Lock (2000: 12) asserts that 81% of the largest corporate in US have arranged their external communication into separate marketing departments and public relations. On the other hand, Eagle, Kitchen and Bulmer (2007: 968) reported that out of 323 organizations in the UK, Canada and the USA, public relations was more effective when communication function is equal to marketing communication. In addition, Eagle, Kitchen and Bulmer (2007: 966) study also looked at the effectiveness of an organisation of central public relations against the various independent units of communication programmes like marketing communication. This study stressed that there is little evidence about delegation of communication â€Å"responsibilities† and there are no negative consequences on the structural dispersion of communication disciplines to form separate units. Kitchen, Kim and Schultz (2008:540) acknowledges that IMC is quite prevalent in USA and UK as compared to other countries. It is predetermined in the global communication â€Å"techniques† despite suggestions by Luck and Moffat (2009: 315) that media integration and advertisement are the major instruments in global promotional and marketing campaigns. In addition, Yeshin (2006: 89) opines that IMC is contingent on an individualised behavioural database which hinders an active organizational process in developing a sophisticated marketing communication network. 1.5 IMC and Contemporary Marketing Communication Percy and Elliot (2012: 190) confirms that there is little empirical proof about marketing communication and IMC shift from mass marketing communication to the impending IMC practices. The IMC concept has been proven to be ambiguous as it is still underdeveloped. The marketing communication organization has however set up a clear description of change as integrated configurations have now replaced the functional structures in an advertising agencies and companies. Traditionally, IMC has a holistic system which fosters zero based thinking; this is a state where most cost effective solutions to communication are critically chosen. Hartley and Pickton (1999: 99) argue that integration is the sole solution to foster cross-functional cooperation in varied disciplines. In addition, Ewing (2009: 113) posits that integration is considered as the merger of barely all the marketing communication. 1.6 Conclusion Validity is one of the descriptive theories that marketing communication management has established. Recent reviews on IMC research in UK and US have suggested that IMC has been periodical and as such; little evidence has been posed to validate contemporary marketing communication processes. I have therefore argued for IMC concept to be considered rhetorical. IMC is also less practical in UK and US as IMC concepts is considered ambiguous. Changes in market trends have also hindered the incorporation of IMC in today’s advertising. The paper has also critically analysed the rhetorical reasoning. In addition, past and contemporary marketing communication researches have been clarified. Bibliography Cornelissen, J. (2001). Integrated Marketing Communications and the Language of Marketing Development. International Journal of Advertising, 20(4) pp. 483-498 Cornelissen, J. P. and Lock, A.R. (2000) ‘Theoretical Concept or Management FashionExamining the significance of IMC’, Journal of Advertising Research, 40 (5), pp.7-15. Duncan, T. and Everett, S. (1993) ‘Client Perceptions of Integrated Marketing Communications.’ Journal of Advertising Research, 33 (3), pp.30-39. Eagle, L. , Kitchen, P. , and Bulmer, S.(2007). Insights into Interpreting Integrated Marketing Communications. European Journal of Marketing, 41(7/8) pp. 956-970. Eagle, L., Kitchen, P.J. and Bulmer, S. (2007) ‘Insights into interpreting Integrated Marketing Communications: A Two-Nation Qualitative Comparison’ European Journal of Marketing, 41 (7/8), pp.956-970. Ewing, M. (2009). Integrated Marketing Communications Measurement and Evaluation. Journal of Marketing and Communications, 15(2-3), pp. 103-117 Hartley, B. and Pickton, D. (1999). Integrated Marketing Communications Requires a New Way of Thinking. Journal of Marketing Communications, 5. Pp 97-106 Kitchen, P. and Schultz, D. (1998). IMC-A UK ad’ Agency Perspective. Journal of Marketing Management. 14, pp. 465-485. Kitchen, P., Kim, I. and Shultz, D.E. (2008) ‘Integrated Marketing Communications: Practice Leads Theory’, Journal of Advertising Research, 48 (4) pp.531-546. Luck, E. and Moffat, J. (2009). ‘IMC: Has Anything Really ChangedA New Perspective on an Old Definition’, Journal of Marketing Communications, 15 (5), pp.311-325. Percy, L. and Elliot, R. (2012). Strategic Advertising Management. Fourth edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Yeshin, T. (2006). ‘Advertising’. London: Thomson learning. How to cite Integrated Marketing Communication, Essay examples Integrated Marketing Communication Free Essays During the last decade of the twentieth century, the concept of integrated marketing communications (IMC) received considerable attention from practitioners and academics alike, and that interest has continued into the new millennium (e. g. , Bearden and Madden 1996; Cornelissen and Lock 2000; Duncan, Schultz, and Patti 2005; Garretson and Burton 2005; Nowak and Phelps 1994; Schultz and Kitchen 2000a; Schumann, Artis, and Rivera 2001). We will write a custom essay sample on Integrated Marketing Communication or any similar topic only for you Order Now As the marketplace has become more fragmented over the years, organizations have embraced IMC as a means to effectively and efficiently target and attract the splintering mass market through the transmission of a unified message across all â€Å"contact points† between organizations and their consumers. Whether the contact point is product packaging, a Web advertisement, or any other â€Å"information bearing experience that a consumer or prospect has with a brand† (Schultz, Tannenbaum, and Lauterborn 1993, p. 1), the goal is to present a message to an audience that is consistent (Duncan 1993) and/or to generate valuable customer information (Roznowski, Reece, and Daugherty 2002; Yarborough 1996). In short, utilization and coordination of various promotion and communication tools is necessary to assure optimal market coverage (Stewart 1996) and to develop a strong marketing program (Nowak and Phelps 1994). Despite its potential contributions, debate still exists regarding the significance of IMC as a practice (e. g. , Cook 2004; Cornelissen and Lock 2000; Gould 2001). Questions pertaining to the prevalence of IMC in the marketplace (Roznowski, Reece, and Daugherty 2002) and regarding its differential applicability across product type (e. g. , Nowak, Cameron, and Delorme 1996) remain. This study was designed to help answer these questions. In recent years, the concept of IMC has made its way into the mainstream of the marketing literature (Duncan and Caywood 1996; Nowak and Phelps 1994; Schultz 2003; Schultz and Kitchen 1997, 2000b; Zahay et al. 2004). This has occurred despite the fact that, in reality, there is no universally agreed upon definition of IMC (e. g. , Cornelissen and Lock 2000; Kliatchko 2005; Schultz and Kitchen 1997; Stewart 1996) and IMC appears to be an evolving concept (Duncan, Schultz, and Patti 2005). While a â€Å"working definition of integrated marketing communication is hard to come by† (Schultz, Tannenbaum, and Lauterborn 1993, p. xv), one simple characterization of the phenomenon poses IMC as the coordination of communication tools for a brand (Krugman et al. 1994). Central to the concept of IMC is the notion that effective communication is accomplished by blending various communication forms–for example, advertising, publicity, sales promotion, and so forth–into a single, seamless entity (Nowak, Cameron, and Delorme 1996). Furthermore, when it is well devised, IMC can generate information that can be used to identify and target different types of consumers with customized communication (Schultz 1997) and, ultimately, help to build a strong relationship with them (Duncan 2002). In a sense, then, IMC involves a process that is circular in nature–a sort of two-way communication between organizations and consumers that gathers and stores responses to communication and uses that information to effectively target consumers in future efforts (Roznowski, Reece, and Daugherty 2002; Schultz, Tannenbaum, and Lauterborn 1993). A review of the phenomenon in practice performed by Nowak and Phelps (1994) uncovered three broad manifestations of integrated marketing communication: IMC as â€Å"integrated communication,† IMC as â€Å"‘one voice’ communication,† and IMC as a â€Å"coordinated marketing-communication campaign. † While the distinction among the three manifestations is sometimes hazy, each one poses a slightly different approach that organizations may take to create messages that are uniform in tone and look (Duncan 1993). The â€Å"integrated communications† approach involves promoting brand image and direct audience behavior simultaneously by coupling devices such as brand advertising and public relations communications with consumer sales promotions and direct response tools within an organization’s marketing-communication materials, particularly advertisements (Peltier, Mueller, and Rosen 1992). For instance, an ad that contains a direct-response tool (e. g. , a coupon), a public relations appeal (e. g. , support of an esteemed social cause), and brand advertising (e. g. depiction and description of the offering) would reflect the integrated communication form of IMC. A key outcome of this approach is the acquisition of consumer information that is captured when consumers respond to direct-response tools, sales promotions, and the like (Nowak and Phelps 1994). The â€Å"one voice† approach reflects a firm’s focus on a single positioning strategy that emphasizes unity among brand/ image advertising, direct-response advertising, public relations, and consumer sales promotions at the outset of a promotional campaign (Reilly 1991; Snyder 1991). In this approach, the position, message, or theme is what ultimately guides an organization’s IMC decisions, which ostensibly could be rendered independently by the firm’s advertising, public relations, and sales promotion agencies (Nowak and Phelps 1994). The third approach, â€Å"coordinated marketing-communication campaigns,† stresses the need to integrate the activities of different marketing-communication disciplines (e. g. , sales promotions, advertising, and public relations) in order to reach multiple audiences with a synergistic effort (Rapp and Collins 1990; Schultz, Tannenbaum, and Lauterborn 1993). The â€Å"coordinated marketing communication† approach differs from the â€Å"one voice† manifestation of IMC in that it does not simply focus on a single brand position; rather, multiple positions are the norm (Nowak and Phelps 1994), with a goal of targeting multiple audiences (Rapp and Collins 1990). A further comparison of the three forms of integrated marketing communication reveals that the â€Å"coordinated marketing-communication campaign† and â€Å"one voice† approaches to IMC involve an organization’s communication activity at a broad level of application, whereas the â€Å"integrated communications† manifestation encompasses a more microlevel application. More precisely, the first two manifestations involve integration across communication campaigns, whereas the latter one entails integration within particular communication devices, such as advertisements. For example, early indications following Super Bowl XL suggested that the ads broadcast during the event were successful not only in terms of their brand advertising, but also in terms of direct response, as evidenced by the increased traffic to the advertisers’ Web sites (Horovitz 2006). Of the three forms of IMC, it is the integrated communications† approach that appears to be the one most often utilized in practice (Phelps, Plumley, and Johnson 1994) and the one that is the focus of this study. One broad goal of our research is to discern how the â€Å"integrated communications† form of IMC is manifested in practice. Integrated Marketing Communication Research While the phenomenon of integrated marketing communications has received widespread attention over the past 15 years, there have been very few empirical investigations of its incidence and application. The scant research findings that are available suggest that IMC is perceived to be valuable by practitioners (Duncan and Everett 1993; Roznowski, Reece, and Daugherty 2002) and that its utilization seems to be increasing. For example, one early study found that approximately two-thirds of consumer product companies employed IMC in some manner (Caywood, Schultz, and Wang 1991), while a later investigation reported that 75% of the organizations surveyed had adopted IMC in one way or another (Phelps, Plumley, and Johnson 1994). A more recent investigation revealed that 95 % of Fortune 500 executives responding to an inquiry indicated that their company used IMC to some degree and that nearly the same percentage was at least somewhat satisfied with its results (Roznowski, Reece, and Daugherty 2002). It bears noting that most of these findings are based on respondents’ perceptions and may not reflect IMC as actually practiced. In general, most of the examination of IMC has focused on its perceived value and beliefs regarding its potential among packaged or durable-goods marketers. By comparison, there is little documentation of the actual existence or prevalence of IMC in these or other market contexts (Nowak, Cameron, and Delorme 1996). The scant published research on the actual practice of integrated marketing communication suggests that organizations involved in green marketing have been slow to adopt IMC principles in their advertising (Carlson et al. 1996). Meanwhile, retail and consumer service organizations appear to use media and message delivery elements associated with integrated approaches, yet lack strong coordination among these IMC components (Nowak, Cameron, and Delorme 1996). In a further examination of IMC across different business firms (i. e. , business-to-business, retailing, services, and consumer product), it was discovered that coordination among IMC components does indeed exist, yet the selection of specific marketing communication activities differs significantly among the business types (McArthur and Griffin 1997). Given the contradictory results and scarce empirical research, there appears to be a need for further examination of IMC and marketers’ activities to plan and execute its implementation (Duncan and Everett 1993; Roznowski, Reece, and Daugherty 2002). Integrated Marketing Communication and Product Type Based on the research results discussed above, IMC appears to be a practice that is used across business contexts, but in different ways (e. g. , McArthur and Griffin 1997; Nowak, Cameron, and Delorme 1996). McArthur and Griffin observe, â€Å"different product-market situations demand different communication tools and techniques† (1997, p. 5). Hence, it is not surprising that a study of media usage within IMC programs revealed differential emphasis on some media when comparing services and retailing firms (Nowak, Cameron, and Delorme 1996) or comparing across services, retailing, business-to-business, and consumer product organizations (McArthur and Griffin 1997). There is even some indication that consumer product firms lag behind others in terms of the degree of attention they accord to IMC (McArthur and Griffin 1997). In addition, and as suggested by Duncan (2005), IMC may be particularly relevant within the services sector. Taken as a whole, these findings suggest that the nature of the product that an organization offers may affect the emphasis it places on IMC and its utilization of different communication materials. Further supporting the notion that the nature of the promoted product may be related to the adoption of IMC is a body of literature that indicates that the advertising of services differs substantively from the advertising of physical goods in several ways (e. g. , George and Berry 1981; Grove, Pickett, and Laband 1995; Legg and Baker 1987; Mittal 1999; Shostack 1977; Stafford and Day 1995). For example, since services are essentially performances (Gronroos 1990; Grove and Fisk 1983) and not things that can be displayed (e. g. , insurance, health care, an airline flight), it is difficult for organizations to communicate about them and for customers to grasp what it is they are likely to receive (Lovelock and Wirtz 2004; Shostack 1977; Zeithaml 1981). Many years ago, in her seminal paper establishing the nature of service products, Shostack (1977) stressed that marketers must strive to â€Å"integrate† evidence of service offerings to compensate for their innate intangibility. She argued that such an effort should involve controlling a broad range of potential clues to foster a concrete, â€Å"total impression† of the service. Essentially, that effort entails coordinating various communicative devices associated with a service and its delivery, including the content of service advertising. George and Berry (1981) similarly argue for the importance of presenting a uniform message as one of the six guidelines for advertising a service. From their viewpoint, â€Å"advertising continuity,† that is, continually using distinctive symbols, formats, and/or themes can reinforce a service’s image and differentiate it from the competition. Ostensibly, the creation of a consistent and uniform perception of the service product might also be accomplished as one outcome of effective integrated marketing communications. Yet in a comprehensive overview of the services advertising literature several years ago, Tripp (1997) identified IMC as one of several phenomena related to service advertising’s message structure and execution that needed further study. A recent examination of advertisements across various categories of services found a high incidence of IMC portrayed within the ads (i. e. , over 60% of the ads reflected IMC), yet argued that there was room for improvement in terms of the degree of integration that was present (Grove, Carlson, and Dorsch 2002). However, a comparison of advertisements for goods versus services with respect to incidence and character of IMC has yet to be performed, despite the potential applicability of IMC in the area of services promotion (Duncan 2005). How to cite Integrated Marketing Communication, Essay examples

WHAT MADE THE AMERICANS EXPAND WESTWARD Essay Example For Students

WHAT MADE THE AMERICANS EXPAND WESTWARD? Essay After the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, a large amount of land west of the original 13 states and the Northwest Territory was acquired. The open land, additional benefits and other existing problems encouraged Americans to expand westward.The American people began to realize that the future of the country lay in the development of its own western resources. There were many reasons that made the people face the grueling and dangerous movement west, but the primary reason was economy. Like the Spanish conquistadors before them, the Americans looked beyond the Mississippi, they saw an open beckoning. Despite the presence of hundreds of Indian nations with rich and distinct cultures, who had populated the land for thousands of years-from the desert of the Southwest and the grassy prairies of the Great Plains to the high valleys of the Rocky Mountains and the salty beaches of the Pacific Coast-Americans considered the west to be an empty wilderness. And in less than fifty years, from the 1803 purchase of Louisiana Territory to the California gold rush of 1849, the nation would expand and conquer the West (Herb 3). The ocean had always controlled New Englands interests and connected it with the real world. Puritanism was still very strong in the north so the moral unity of New England was exceptional. Having a very unmixed population of English origin, New England contrasted very much with the other sections. All this and the fact that they needed to cross populated states in order to expand west set this section part from the others (Leuetenburg and Wishy 37). New Englands population compared to other regions was poor, and the population growth was even poorer. The trans-Alleghany States by 1820 had a population of about 2.25 million, while New England had over 1.5 million. Ten years later, western states had over 3.5 million with the people northwest of the Ohio River alone numbering 1.5 million. In 1820 the total population of New England was about to equal to the combined population of New York and New Jersey; but its increase between 1820 and 1830 was hardly three hundred thousand, not much over half that of New York, and less that of gain of Ohio. If Maine, the growing state of the group, be excluded, the increase of the whole section was less that of the frontier state of Indiana(Turner 41) Fortunately, new manufactures help save New England from becoming an entirely stationary section (Turner 12). New Englands shipping industry became very strong because it had control of neutral trade during the European wars. Of the exports of the United States in 1820, the statistics gave to New England about twenty percent, nine-tenths of which were from Massachusetts(Turner 11). Then in a short period of time, the section witnessed a transfer of the industrial center of gravity from the harbors to the waterfalls, from the commerce and navigation to manufacturers (Turner 13). Water power became the sites of factory towns, and the industrial revolution which, in the time of the embargo, began to transfer industries from the household to the factory, was rapidly carried on(Turner 14). A new class began to develop. Farmers moved into towns, and their daughters began to work in mills. Agriculture, though still very important to many New England people, became a declining interest. By 1830 New England was importing corn and flour in large quantities from other sections. The raising of cattle and sheep increased as grain cultivation declined(Turner 46). With the cattle and sheep raising becoming more popular, it encouraged emigration from New England because it decreased the number of small farms. By the sale of their lands to wealthier neighbors, the New England farmers were able to go west with money to invest(Turner 15). The Middle Region, which included New York, Pennsylvania, and New Jersey, was a transition zone. It connected the north along with the south and the east with the west. Geographically, they (the states) lay on the line of natural routes between the Atlantic on the one side, and the Ohio and the Great Lakes on the other(Turner 10). Compared to New England, this section was rapidly growing region. By 1830, New York had already equaled the total population of entire New England combined. Eventually, New York and Pennsylvania would become the most populous states in the union. Vaccine Essay As the movement of capital and population to the interior went on, wealth was drained from the coast(Turner 57). As the value of their lands declined, the people of the south coast naturally sought for an explanation and remedy to the problem (Turner 61):Instead of applying a system of scientific farming and replenishment of the soil, there was a tendency for the planters who remained to get into debt in order to add to their possessions the farms which offered for sale by the movers. Thus there was a flow of wealth towards the west of pay for these new purchases(Turner 61). It was because of the sudden shift of labor from farms to towns that started the westward movement up north. The herding of cattle and sheep took place of agriculture. So the owners of small farms sold their farms and moved west. In the middle region, it was a lack of transportation and market that brought along the Erie Canal. After its completion, NY and the rest of the middle region would be connected with the rest of the interior of the country. The people began to move inland along the canal. The invention of the cotton gin at a very fitting time made people of the south push west. With textile being a booming industry, people went west to fin available land to plant cotton. So how were these moves based on economics? Why did the farmers of the north decide to move west? Was farming profitable anymore? Farming out west could be even more profitable. When wild lands sold for two dollars an acre, and indeed, could be occupied by squatters almost without molestation, it was certain that settlers would seek them instead of paying twenty to fifty dollars and acre for farms that lay not much farther to the east-particularly when the western lands were more fertile(Turner 73). If they could find someone to buy their land, farmers would be happier to go west to start a bigger and better farm on more fertile soil. The middle region moved inward along with the canal. With cities like Cleveland developing inland, and with help of the canal making everything more accessible, settlers moved inward. The struggle of Baltimore, New York City and Philadelphia for the rising commerce of the interior was potent factor in the development of the middle region(Turner 69). With the lands being practically free in this vast area, not only did it attract the settler, but it also furnished the opportunity for all men to hew out their own careers (Turner 68). The open land gave people a chance to start over. The wilderness opened a gate to escape the poor, the discontented and the oppressed(Turner 68). What was the reason behind the movement west of the South? The expansion of the south was based on the strong demand for cotton. the Industrial Revolution, which made textile manufacturing a large-scale operation, castly increased the demand for raw cotton(Westward Expansion and Regional Differences). Since the invention of the cotton gin made the cultivation of cotton profitable, it was only a question of finding the land to cultivate the cotton. All the people had to do was look westward. What made the people move west? Economics, land, and opportunity to profit were primary factors. With three thousand miles of free and available land, and the opportunity to start a new and better life, and make more money doing it, people packed their bags and moved in. WORKS CITEDHerb, Angela M. Beyond the Mississippi: Early Westward Expansion of the United States. New York: Lodestar Books, 1996. Leuehtenburg, William E., and Bernard Wishy, eds Fronteir and Section. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc, 1961. Turner, Fredrick Jackson. The Frontier in American History. New York: Holt, Tinehart, and Winston Inc., 1962Turner, Fredrick Jackson. Rise of the New West. New york: Harper and Brothers Publishers, 1966. Turner, Fredrick Jackson. The United States 1830-1850. New York: W.W. Norton ; Company Inc., 1965. Westward Expansion and Regional Differences. An Outline of American History. Downloaded from AOL. March 27, 1999. History

Continuity in the Availability of Goods-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the position of United Kingdom and Principals for the Negotiation in order to secure the lowest possible disruption regarding availability of goods ensuring an orderly and smooth withdrawal of UK from the European Union. Answer: Issues: The paper outlines the position of United Kingdom and principals for the negotiation in order to secure the lowest possible disruption regarding availability of goods ensuring an orderly and smooth withdrawal of UK from the European Union. The ambition of this paper is to secure an inclusive future agreement with European union. It advocates for a frictionless and freest trade in goods and services that will be beneficial for all. Policy Objectives: The UKs objective is to ensure an orderly exit from the EU without any disruption and to its citizens, investors and consumers. The UK aims to provide legal assurance and certainty that will be aided by the common regulatory systems of both the EU and the UK. Both the UK and EU are in position to gain benefit from the longstanding and intimate trading relationship of services and goods. It is important that the business as well as the consumers gain confidence about the goods. The data has revealed that in 2016 the EU has been the largest market of the UK and the rest of the EUs members have exported more goods to the country than any other nation. Therefore, the citizens are benefitted from this relationship and integrated regulatory system (Baldwin and Lopez?Gonzalez 2015). They comply with the product legislation that enable the safe product supply across the country. This includes cost reduction, variety improvement, flexible supply chains, patient benefits and innovated as well as high quality product. The consumers and the investors are ensured that the market authorities are engaged in market surveillance and have access to knowledge about the products. The ambition of the UK is to engage in a sustainable future agreement with the European Union and secure a frictionless trade by ensuring that the products are marketed lawfully in the markets of both the EU and the UK (Ivona, Nova?ko and Ogrizovi? 2014). The UKs suggestions on the customs and tariffs aim to build a deep and special relationship with the EU. This encourages a smooth exit process related to the custom, tax and service provisions (Crafts 2016). This also ensures that the goods must be reached the markets before the withdrawal date but cross the border only after exit. It serves for both the UK as well as the EU to maintain their deeply integrated trade and economic partnership after the UK exits from the EU (Dhingra et al. 2016). The statistics of the EU reveals that it has exported goods worth of 314 billion Euro to the UK in 2016, which is more than its total exports to brazil, china, India and Russia. Through the membership with the EU, the UKs economies including the regulatory system have achieved a deep integration. National Standards Bodies membership of European and International Standards Organisations has enabled to develop the business standards that the EUs business use. The UKs withdrawal bill will enable the UK to convert the existing laws of the EU and give power of corrections to these laws. Therefore, these regulations will be continuing to function in the country. The UK recognizes that the future partnership will be built on the longstanding trust as well as the commonalities of both the systems because this will not allow the either party to ignore the starting point which is unique. The UK acknowledges the import position of consumer and business in this discussion therefore, it will be engaged in making the consumer and business organizations understand and increasing concerns (Coulter and Hanck 2016). There are some problematic issues associated with goods and services which the UK government aims to resolve. The relevant issues regarding the separation discussion in relation with goods and services will be resolved for better future partnership. As the UK-EU deal discusses, the UKs only land border between Ireland and UK will be protected for trade and free movements. the UK government has welcomed The negotiation guidelines of the European councils clear commitment and the European commissions directions to achieve this flexible relationship. This process needs intimate engagement on agriculture, customs and other economic matters according to the progress of the negotiations. The UK government aims to work with the developed countries and the Crown Dependencies, Gibraltar government and Overseas Territories, which are constitutionally separated and have various interests. The UK will be fully engaged with these governments to account the priorities of these countries regarding this issue. Negotiation Strategies: This paper strategizes four principles that will help in achieving the objectives of offering certainty and avoiding problems associated with the continued availability of goods. Firstly, the UK government wants to ensure undisrupted availability of goods in both the UK as well as the EU markets at the withdrawal date. The goods available in the single market must be continued to circulate freely in the UK and EU markets without any additional restrictors. Secondly, the government wants to avoid possible and unnecessary activity duplication and provide the legal certainty. The markets where the trades undertake the compliance activities before exit, the government do not expect any duplication of activities to place the products on the markets after exit. This also includes the recognition of validity approval, issues registration and certificates before exit. Thirdly, the UK government wants to ensure that the agreement will facilitate the continued product as well as market surveillance and goods legislation (Ottaviano 2014). This includes that the authority will take necessary action to the non-compliant products. Fourthly, this agreement on goods undermines that the places where the goods reach with services, will have no restriction to the provision of the services. Undisrupted availability of goods: The government holds that all products those are lawfully placed in the markets prior to the exit will be continue to free circulation without any restrictions. This applies to all types of goods including those which are regulated by the Union Law also those which are authorized for free circulation recognised by the mutual recognition principle. In order to avoid disturbance to the services to consumers and trade, the agreement makes use of the proper and applicable definitions of placed goods in the market (Kierzenkowski, Rusticelli and Zwart 2016). The agreement will recognise that these are sector specific and provide an understandable and clear interpretation of the term products place on the market. The agreement will include the available goods on the EU and UK markets, therefore it will provide assurance that no changes are needed to the continue supply of goods (Dymski 2015). This agreement issues are not limited to ensure that there is no need to change the labels of the products and recognition of the validity of approvals, authorisations and issued registration of the products (Johnson 2016). In some cases, the products need the recognitions of the responsible person for its regulation such as authorised representation for medicines and medical devices and responsible person for cosmetic products. That person must be able to continue carry out the responsibility activities before exit and relocation is not required. Regarding to the original marketing as well as approval of the goods need to interact with the market authorities of the UK and the EU so that they can ensure that the product will be traced through the supply chain (Driffield and Karoglou 2016). Possible failure to this recognition of the agreement will result to disruption. Therefore, the product needs to be relabelled in order to maintain the traceability requirements which usually could affect the public safety. Avoidance of possible and unnecessary activity duplication: The UK government recognises the relevance of market placement of a goods and wants to shorten the disruption to the border range of goods as well as financial activity (Jim Burtles, CMLJ and Burtles 2013). It wants to provide certainty to the goods which were placed on the UK market before its exit. In order to continue the commercial activities as well as placing of goods in the markets, the business have to undertake some lengthy and complex as well as costly procedures. These are required to ensure that the goods and the business services are complying with the Union Legislation also production requirements (Kee and Nicita 2017). An EU recognised organization will examine the products whether they are produced according to the good manufacturing practice and submit the data to the respective authority. The validity of compliance must be recognised by the Withdrawal Agreement. This must be recognised irrespective of places, for full time period and overlooking the type of the product. The UK government wants to keep away from unnecessary problematic transfer of the activities between the UK and the EU governments (Mller, Kudrna and Falkner 2014). Therefore, the UK government wants to propose that in any case of compliance activities identified through the agreement, the business an authority must be continuing the ongoing actions for the relevant goods or types of goods for both the UK and EU markets and these activities must take place in their locations as at the withdrawal date. In any case, there can be obligations by the assessment bodies, after they assess the quality of the product. The UK advices that they can continue fulfilling that obligation regarding that particular product for life time (Sampson et al. 2016). The government recognises that both the authorities must be confident that these assessment bodies will be capable to carry out these kind of activities. As mentioned previously, the many products must undergo assessment and submit their registration to work according to compliance activity and ensure that the products meet the requirements of the product legislation. These assessments can be time limited or valid for full product life time. The government aims to ensure that these approvals, authorizations, registrations and certificates must be continued to be recognised valid by the both markets of EU and UK. Market surveillance and goods legislation: After the products are placed in the markets, it is necessary of the authorities to trace the products through the distribution chain. After which the surveillance authority will be able to take action to the non-compliant products. The failure of surveillance that support oversight and enforcement validity of the goods will bring disruption as well as uncertainty to the consumers and goods (Lea 2017). The agreement mentions about the continuous surveillance of products in the markets for its traceability. It encompasses a wide rage which includes the products traceability in food chain the authorisation holders need to reports against the adverse reactions of the medicines available in the markets the market authorities must be able to exchange information about the unsafe goods available in the market. The agreement must clarify the process to conduct these activities. For all the services and goods under the coverage of the agreement, the assessment bodies must be recognised for fulfilling any obligations regarding the validity of the products as well as services. Both the authorities must be confident in the competence of these bodies. The range of mechanisms that they will follow must be of international standard. No restriction to the provision of the services: The UK government wants to explore the areas where the services are provided along with goods. This paper takes account of intimate connection between the availability of the goods the services offered with them (Swinbank 2017). Thus includes those services also which already have been provided before the exit. Therefore, the government wants an elaborate discussion in order to avoid any uncertainty as well as disruption. The government also wants to analyse the trade flows that are based on collaboration of goods and services. Services are irremovable part of the production of goods, sell, delivery, operation and their repair. Therefore, the government has taken initiatives to outline its position on the relevant matters on the interrelationship of goods and services and bring them under negotiation. Final Recommendation: The negotiation is important for the continuation of business in undisrupted way and close monitoring of the developments. This paper seeks to identify the possible areas which may be affected by the new and amended legislation. It is important to consider the depth of the effects and identify the ways through which the impacts can be mitigated and advocacy can be directed. References: Baldwin, R. and Lopez?Gonzalez, J., 2015. Supply?chain Trade: A Portrait of Global Patterns and Several Testable Hypotheses.The World Economy,38(11), pp.1682-1721. Coulter, S. and Hanck, B., 2016. A bonfire of the regulations, or business as usual? The UK labour market and the political economy of Brexit.The Political Quarterly,87(2), pp.148-156. Crafts, N., 2016. The Growth Effects of EU Membership for the UK: a Review of the Evidence.Competitive Advantage in the Global Economy (CAGE), Global Perspectives Series: Paper,7. Dhingra, S., Ottaviano, G., Sampson, T. and Van Reenen, J., 2016. The impact of Brexit on foreign investment in the UK.BREXIT 2016, p.24. Driffield, N. and Karoglou, M., 2016. Brexit and Foreign Investment in the UK. Dymski, G., 2015. Capital Market Union: Can Europes investment malaise be resolved by doubling down on its banking contradictions? Ivona, B., Nova?ko, L. and Ogrizovi?, D., 2014. Processing reverse logistics inventories.Scientific Journal of Maritime Research,28(1). Jim Burtles, K.L.J., CMLJ, F. and Burtles, J., 2013.Principles and Practice of Business Continuity: Tools and Techniques. Rothstein Publishing. Johnson, M., 2016. Brexit, trade and tariffs part three: how much freedom will Britain have to set its own tariffs?.LSE Brexit. Kee, H.L. and Nicita, A., 2017. Short-term impact of Brexit on the United Kingdom's export of goods. Kierzenkowski, R., Rusticelli, E. and Zwart, S., 2016. The Economic Consequences of Brexit. Lea, R., 2017. The UK economy: still growing and fair prospects in 2018.Arbuthnot Banking Group,25. Mller, P., Kudrna, Z. and Falkner, G., 2014. EUglobal interactions: policy export, import, promotion and protection.Journal of European Public Policy,21(8), pp.1102-1119. Ottaviano, G.I., Pessoa, J.P., Sampson, T. and Van Reenen, J., 2014. The costs and benefits of leaving the EU.Whitman, R.G., 2016. The UK and EU foreign, security and defence policy after Brexit: integrated, associated or detached?.National Institute Economic Review,238(1), pp.R43-R50. Sampson, T., Dhingra, S., Ottaviano, G.I. and Reenen, J.V., 2016. How do Economists for Brexitmanage to defy the laws of gravity?.LSE Business Review. Swinbank, A., 2017. Brexit, Trade Agreements and CAP Reform.EuroChoices,16(2), pp.4-9